Morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenosis treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting: a duplex ultrasound study

OBJECTIVES: A duplex ultrasound study was performed to investigate morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenoses treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-nine carotid stenoses were treated with stenting and 65 with patch closure. Duplex ultrasound parameters (luminal diameter, mm; peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity, cm/s) were measured 24 hours after the procedures and also at 12 months post-procedure. Residual stenoses (immediately postprocedure) and restenoses (within 12 months of procedure) were defined as narrowings of >50 percent on duplex ultrasound examination. RESULTS: In stented patients, the luminal diameter of the proximal internal carotid artery increased in the interval between the 24-hour and 12-month post-procedure studies, while in the patch closure patients, the diameter decreased. Carotid hemodynamics normalized immediately after both patching and stenting and remained relatively stable thereafter up to 12 months. No statistically elevated flow velocities (in the absence of residual stenosis or restenosis) were observed in the patched or stented carotid arteries. No significant differences in residual stenosis rates were observed between the stenting group (3 cases, 10.34 percent) and the patch closure group (1 case, 1.53 percent, P = 0.08). At 12 months, 2 stenting patients (6.88 percent) and 2 patch closure patients (3.07 percent) had $50 percent restenosis (P = 0.58). One case of late stroke due to restenosis was observed in the stenting group; the patient died 12 months postoperatively, before receiving new intervention. CONCLUSION: Measurements over time in luminal diameter signalized differences in arterial remodeling mechanisms between patched and stented carotids. Both stenting and patch closure were associated with carotid patency and flow restoration. This study does not support a general approach to new velocity criteria indiscriminately applied to stented or patched carotids.

Fenestração aórtica endovascular na dissecção aguda complicada por isquemia visceral e perfiérica / Endovascular aortic fenestration for acute dissection complicated by visceral and peripheral ischemia

Os autores relatam um caso de tratamento paliativo de isquemia periférica causada por dissecção aguda da aorta tipo B de Stanford por meio de fenestração aórtica endovascular. Mais de 90 por cento dos pacientes com dissecção aaguda da aorta, se não tratados, morrem em 3 a 6 meses. O tratamento clínico inicial e definitivo para dissecção aguda da aorta do tipo B é preconizado pela maioria dos importantes centros, reservando-se o tratamento cirúrgico para suas complicações, como isquemia periférica, que é a mais frequente, ocorrendo em 35 por cento das vezes. Os autores também descrevem aspectos da fenestração cirúrgica cnvencional, comparandoa coma técnica percutânea.

Diagnóstico e acompanhamento terapêutico de pacientes com embolia pulmonar maçica através da ecocardiografia bidimensional / Diagnosis and follow-up of patients with massive pulmonary embolism by two dimensional echocardiog

Objetivo - Analisar a utilidade do ecocardiograma (ECO) no diagnóstico e no acompanhamento de pacientes com embolia pulmonar maciça (EP), submetidos à terapêutica fibrinolítica ou cirúrgica. Métodos - Foram incluídos retrospectivamente sete pacientes (cinco homens), com idade média de 37 ñ 19 anos, portadores de EP confirmada à angiografia. Seis foram submetidos à terapêutica fibrinolítica com estreptoquinase IV (EQ) e um à cirurgia. O diagnóstico definitivo de EP ao ECO foi a detecçäo de trombos no leito arterial pulmonar. Foram estudados: diâmetro diastólico ventricular direito (DDVD), movimento do septo interventricular (SIV), tempo de aceleraçäo sistólico (TAC) e pressäo sistólica pulmonar (PSP). Resultados - O ECO identificou trombos em cinco dos sete pacientes (71//), principalmente quando localizados em artéria pulmonar direita (quatro casos (80//. Esse método foi ainda eficaz na identificaçäo de um dos cinco casos (20//) com trombose de ramos lobar direito e um de dois casos com comprometimento da artéria pulmonar esquerda (50//), sendo incapaz de localizar trombos em ramos lobares esquerdos (seis pacientes). Quatro dos cinco pacientes com trombos pulmonares ao ECO receberam EQ,, e um cirurgia. O ECO seriado mostrou dissoluçäo dos trombos em três daqueles com EQ e no caso com tratamento cirúrgico. O ECO inicial mostrou DDVD aumentado em 5/7 pacientes, movimento anômalo do SIV em 5/7 pacientes e TAC inferior a 100ms em todos os casos. A PSP foi 64,4 ñ 22,8mmHg ao ECO, versus 75,4 ñ 24,03mmHg à angiografia (r=0,78; p=0,11). Houve diminuiçäo do DDVD (30 ñ 5,02 para 23 ñ 2,2; p = 0,04) e aumento do TAC (50 ñ 10,8 para 106,67 ñ 16 ms; p < 0,001) no estudo seriado. Conclusäo - O ECO é um importante instrumento no diagnóstico de EP, fornecendo dados referentes à hemodinâmica pulmonar, à localizaçäo dos trombos e à evoluçäo terapêutica do paciente

Purpose - The aim of the study was to analyse the role of 2D echocardiogram (ECHO) in the diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism (PE), and in the follow-up after fibrinolytic or surgical treatment. Methods - Echocardiographic studies were retrospectively analysed in seven patients, 5 male, meanage 37±19 years, with massive pulmonary embolism (PE) confirmed by pulmonary angiography. Six of them were submitted to fibrinolytic theraphy with IV streptokinase (SK), and one underwent surgery. The diagnosis of PE by ECHO was made by the detection of thrombi in the pulmonary vascular bed. ECHO measurements included the right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDD), interventricular septal motion (IVS), acceleration time (AcT), and peak pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Results - The ECHO study diagnosed thrombi in five out of seven patients (71%), mainly if they were present in the right main pulmonary artery (four cases - 80%). It was also able to locate one out of five patients with thrombus in the right lobar artery and one out of two patients in the left main pulmonary artery; it was unable to identify six patients with involvement of the left lobar arteries. Four out of five patients with PE, diagnosed by ECHO, were submitted to fibrinolytic therapy, and one underwent surgery. The follow-up study showed dissolution of the thrombus in three of those with SK and in the one with surgical treatment. The initial ECHO study showedf ve out of 7 patients with increased RVDD, 5/7 patients with abnormal IVS motion, and all of them with decreased AcT (64 ± 16 ms). The PSP was 64.4 ± 22.8 mmHg by ECHO, versus 75.4 ± 24,03 mmHg by angiography (r = 0.78; p = 0.11). There was a reduction of the RVDD (30 ± 5.02 to 23 ± 2.2) and an increased of the AcT (50 ± 10.8 to 106,67 ± 16) at the serial examination. Conclusion - The ECHO study is an important tool for the diagnosis of PE, informing about pulmonary pressure, presence and position of thrombus, and treatment results